Null Attributed to JAN BRUEGHEL THE OLD (Brussels, 1568 - Antwerp, 1625). "The O…
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Attributed to JAN BRUEGHEL THE OLD (Brussels, 1568 - Antwerp, 1625). "The Old Man" and Workshop. "Allegory of the sense of sight". Oil on copper. Measurements: 58,5 x 90 cm; 85,5 x 116 cm (frame). A naked Venus contemplates her own beauty in a mirror, while at her feet Cupid observes her. Both seem to be oblivious to the beauty and opulence of the interior in which they find themselves. Bronze and marble sculptures, portraits, religious and mythological paintings, exotic animals, coins and mathematical instruments scattered on the floor are found in an architecture that opens to the outside, where a busy port on the shores of a city can be seen. During the 17th century there was a proliferation of allegorical paintings, related to the representation of the five senses. This was due to the fact that the theme of the senses was in turn related to the transmission of a moral and religious message. As Maria Sanchez Luque points out in her work La vanitas en Los cinco sentidos de Brueghel: Olfato y Tacto: "It is fundamentally in the Baroque, when these allegories reach their maximum splendor, they show the confidence in the capacity of objects to materialize the symbol. Symbolism could be the result of several ideas, such as expiration, the futility of clinging to earthly goods and the choice between good and evil. To understand the relationship established between these ideas and the artistic representations, it must be kept in mind that, according to the Baroque mentality, man's life on earth was only a preparation for life in the hereafter, and that his destiny depended to a great extent on how he conducted himself in earthly life. Earthly life was material and transitory, while life in heaven would be spiritual and eternal. One did not have to taste earthly goods but heavenly goods in order to gain heaven. This message is particularly represented in the genre of vanitas". During the 17th century in Flanders there was a growing demand for paintings to decorate the houses of the bourgeoisie. Apart from portraits and large canvases with religious, historical or mythological themes, artists specialized, painting medium-sized works that gradually increased in format, with still lifes, animals, landscapes and genre scenes. The paintings that reproduce collectors' cabinets of the time are explicit in this respect, to the point of originating a new autonomous pictorial genre. Undoubtedly, the future of this painting would have been different without Rubens, whose art revolutionized the artistic panorama of Flanders, introducing a new fully baroque way and bringing a sense of unity and opulent sumptuousness to the ordered and encyclopedic sample that were the precious descriptions of his countrymen. Jan Brueghel came from an illustrious family of artists and, along with Rubens, was considered the leading painter of Antwerp. He was an essential figure for the development of the traditional Flemish landscape in the line initiated by Joachim Patinir and Gillis van Coninxloo III, the latter as the most immediate representative. The subject illustrates a passage from the Bible, Paradise, which was painted countless times by Brueghel, although this painting was one of his earliest versions. The painting reflects the ascendancy of contemporaries such as Roelandt Savery and Rubens, a fact that is not surprising since he had a close collaboration with the latter. The Garden of Eden is a superb example of the best Flemish Baroque landscape.

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Attributed to JAN BRUEGHEL THE OLD (Brussels, 1568 - Antwerp, 1625). "The Old Man" and Workshop. "Allegory of the sense of sight". Oil on copper. Measurements: 58,5 x 90 cm; 85,5 x 116 cm (frame). A naked Venus contemplates her own beauty in a mirror, while at her feet Cupid observes her. Both seem to be oblivious to the beauty and opulence of the interior in which they find themselves. Bronze and marble sculptures, portraits, religious and mythological paintings, exotic animals, coins and mathematical instruments scattered on the floor are found in an architecture that opens to the outside, where a busy port on the shores of a city can be seen. During the 17th century there was a proliferation of allegorical paintings, related to the representation of the five senses. This was due to the fact that the theme of the senses was in turn related to the transmission of a moral and religious message. As Maria Sanchez Luque points out in her work La vanitas en Los cinco sentidos de Brueghel: Olfato y Tacto: "It is fundamentally in the Baroque, when these allegories reach their maximum splendor, they show the confidence in the capacity of objects to materialize the symbol. Symbolism could be the result of several ideas, such as expiration, the futility of clinging to earthly goods and the choice between good and evil. To understand the relationship established between these ideas and the artistic representations, it must be kept in mind that, according to the Baroque mentality, man's life on earth was only a preparation for life in the hereafter, and that his destiny depended to a great extent on how he conducted himself in earthly life. Earthly life was material and transitory, while life in heaven would be spiritual and eternal. One did not have to taste earthly goods but heavenly goods in order to gain heaven. This message is particularly represented in the genre of vanitas". During the 17th century in Flanders there was a growing demand for paintings to decorate the houses of the bourgeoisie. Apart from portraits and large canvases with religious, historical or mythological themes, artists specialized, painting medium-sized works that gradually increased in format, with still lifes, animals, landscapes and genre scenes. The paintings that reproduce collectors' cabinets of the time are explicit in this respect, to the point of originating a new autonomous pictorial genre. Undoubtedly, the future of this painting would have been different without Rubens, whose art revolutionized the artistic panorama of Flanders, introducing a new fully baroque way and bringing a sense of unity and opulent sumptuousness to the ordered and encyclopedic sample that were the precious descriptions of his countrymen. Jan Brueghel came from an illustrious family of artists and, along with Rubens, was considered the leading painter of Antwerp. He was an essential figure for the development of the traditional Flemish landscape in the line initiated by Joachim Patinir and Gillis van Coninxloo III, the latter as the most immediate representative. The subject illustrates a passage from the Bible, Paradise, which was painted countless times by Brueghel, although this painting was one of his earliest versions. The painting reflects the ascendancy of contemporaries such as Roelandt Savery and Rubens, a fact that is not surprising since he had a close collaboration with the latter. The Garden of Eden is a superb example of the best Flemish Baroque landscape.

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Jan Brueghel the Elder, Flemish 1568-1625- Street view at Spa, with figures in the distance, and a church spire beyond; pen and sepia ink on paper, inscribed 'Spa' (upper edge), 10.9 x 17.8 cm. Provenance: Sotheby's London, Old Master Drawings, 1 December 1964, lot 2 (to H. Calmann). With H. Calmann, London, prior to 1982. Private Collection, UK. Published: C. van Hasselt and R. DHulst, 'Flemish Drawings of the Seventeenth Century from the Collection of Frits Lugt', London: Victoria and Albert Museum & Paris: Institut Néerlandais & Bern: Kunstmuseum & Brussels: Koninklijke Bibliotheek Albert I). Institut Néerlandais, p. 22 and note 7, under no. 14. M. Winner, M., Neubestimmtes und Unbestimmtes im zeichnerischen Werk von Jan Brueghel der Ältere. Jahrbuch Der Berliner Museen, 14, 1972, 122–160, pp. 150 and 152, fig. 31. L. Pironet, 'Spa et Brueghel de Velours: l'album du voyage a Spa de Jan Brueghel dit de Velours, contenant trois dessins du ma itre, inedits en la ville d'eaux.' Bruxelles: Bibliotheque Royale, 1987, pp. 35-7, fig. 16. T. Gerszi, Pieter Breughel der Jüngere - Jan Brueghel der Ältere : Flämische Malerei um 1600 : Tradition und Fortschritt (Exhibition Catalogue Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum), 1997, pp. 39 and 41. Note: Jan Brueghel was the younger son of the iconic Northern Renaissance master Pieter Bruegel the Elder (c.1525-1569), and became a highly successful painter in his own right, continuing his father's legacy and cementing the Brueghels as one of the most influential dynasties in Flemish art. While his brother, Pieter Brueghel the Younger (1564-1638), devoted much of his career to reinterpreting and replicating their father's famous scenes of peasant life, Jan Brueghel's oeuvre is incredibly varied, and includes mythological, Biblical and classical scenes, as well as landscapes. His refined and smooth handling of paint earned him the nickname 'Velvet Brueghel'. He may have honed his distinctive and detailed technique during the years he spent in Italy, where he worked alongside Hans Rottenhammer (1564-1625), who was known for his fine cabinet pictures. After his return to Antwerp in the late 16th century, Jan continued to frequently collaborate with other masters throughout his career, including Hendrick van Balen (c.1573/5-1632) and also Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), with whom he developed a close friendship. A prolific draughtsman, Jan Brueghel's oeuvre also features many refined and acutely observed sketches of the towns and cities he visited on his travels, such as the example presented here. The present drawing was likely executed during the summer of 1612, when Jan Brueghel is known to have travelled to the town of Spa, a place known for its medicinal waters. A drawing of Spa by Jan Brueghel I, also dated to c.1612, is in the collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio [1979.26 (Andrew R. and Martha Holden Jennings Fund)]. Another, similar drawing dating from that year and probably also depicting the same town is in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge [PD.212-1963]. Two figure studies of men and women drinking the waters at Spa were sold at Christie's London, 6 July 2004, lot 163. We are grateful to Dr Louisa Wood Ruby for kindly providing additional background and bibliography for this drawing.