ɏ犀鸟神像鼻烟壶，晚清至民国时期 ɏ犀鸟神像鼻烟壶，晚清至民国时期 中国，1820-1940年。长方形圆身，短底，斂底，橢圓形頸。两面浮雕精美的开光，一面开光中雕刻着身着飘逸长袍的女神和佛狮，另一面开光中雕刻着仙人和侍从在变戏法，他们都在浓厚的云雾中。狭长的两侧各雕有一条龙，保留了犀鸟外鞘层特有的深红色，与内层半透明的蜜黄至淡奶油色形成独特的对比。 底刻 "咸丰 "二字款 咸丰，可能为后加。 出处：荷兰私人收藏：荷兰私人收藏。 状况良好：保存状况良好，材料有轻微磨损和自然瑕疵，包括预期的岁月裂痕。整体呈现出华丽的自然古铜色。 蓋: 犀鳥，雕匙 重量：18.7 克 尺寸包括瓶塞在内高度 54 毫米。瓶颈直径 14 毫米，瓶口直径 5 毫米 早在 18 世纪初烟草从西方传入中国后，清代鼻烟壶开始流行之前，犀鸟在中国就是一种非常珍贵的材料。明朝的官方规定中列出了其确切的价值，规定单件 "鹤顶"（明朝学者对这种材料的称谓，用 "鹤 "和 "头 "两个字书写）的价值为一千钱，与半盎司珍贵珊瑚珠或五分之一盎司稀有珍珠的价值相同。这也说明当时犀鸟的价值远高于象牙，因为象牙的价值是每磅五百钱，而一磅象牙需要很多鹤顶红，尤其是有时这个词仅用于红色的鞘。 人们认为，处理犀鸟曾经有两种不同的方法，一种是坚固的外壳，另一种是坚韧的红鞘，红鞘位于鸟喙上部，保护着鸟的大脑。第一种方法的秘诀似乎已经失传，但可能涉及到加热，或许是在材料中渗透一些防腐剂。所有已知的早期作品似乎都是这样处理的，包括鼻烟壶。这种处理方法能很好地保存材料，使其具有丰富的透光性和强度。由于没有关于犀鸟象牙处理技术的直接资料，我们只能从成品中推断这种初步处理方法。中国工匠使用的任何特殊方法都是相关行会严守的秘密，以防止外部竞争。第二种方法是直接雕刻，这种方法容易造成表面开裂。 拍卖结果对比： 类型：相关 拍卖会：邦瀚斯旧金山拍卖行，2010 年 8 月 23 日，拍号 6138 价格3,965 美元或约 5,200 欧元 5,200欧元，在撰写本文时已根据通货膨胀率进行了调整 说明： 雕犀鸟鼻烟壶，1800-1880 年雕犀鸟鼻烟壶，1800-1880 年 专家评论比较材料、雕刻和处理技术，以及外鞘层特有的深红色，与内层半透明的蜜黄至淡奶油色形成独特的对比。 本产品含有象牙、犀牛角、龟甲和/或某些类型的热带木材，在出口到欧盟以外地区时须遵守《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）。此类物品通常无法出口到欧盟以外的国家，包括英国。因此，在该物品获得必要的贸易证书后，只能在欧盟境内运输或亲自到我们的展厅提取。

TERMS OF AUCTION

Buyer's Premium 30% including VAT

Drouot Platform Online Bidding Fee 3% including VAT

Further information please read terms of auction § 3

§ 1) The auction shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the rules of procedure of GALERIE ZACKE©, SZA VERSTEIGERUNGEN UND VERTRIEBS GMBH, MARIAHILFERSTRASSE 112, 1070 WIEN (hereinafter referred to as the company) as well as in accordance with sections 244-246 of the GEWERBEORDNUNG [Industrial Code] of 1994. The auction shall be carried out on commission. The auctioneer shall be entitled to withdraw lots exceptionally, to conduct the auction deviating from the order of the catalog numbers and to offer lots jointly. In the event of any dispute concerning a double bid or if the auctioneer has missed a bid, the auctioneer shall be entitled to revoke acceptance of a bid and to continue auctioning the item. The figures stated in the catalog shall be the highest bid in Euro (€) expected by the respective expert. As a rule, the bid shall be increased by 10% of the last bid. (See table of the bidding increments).

§ 2) The acceptance of a bid shall be granted to the highest bidder unless a hidden reserve has been agreed upon with the consignor of the item in question. Such a hidden reserve (also called limit or just reserve) shall be the minimum price under which the item will not be sold during the auction. This reserve will be disclosed upon request and after the auction only and may exceed the estimate. The auctioneer will in this case bid on behalf of the seller against all other bidders until the reserve has been reached. If a reserve is not reached during the auction, the auctioneer will knock down the item to the highest bidder at the final bid, but the sale will be conditional of the acceptance of this final bid by the seller. In this case the highest bidder shall be bound to his/her last bid for a term of 8 days starting with the day of the knockdown. If the winning bidder does not receive a written cancellation notice within this term of 8 days, the knockdown becomes unconditional and the sale is final. Typically, only a minority of all items in an auction have a hidden reserve.

§ 3) Most items shall be subject to differential taxation. A uniform surcharge of 25% plus the value added tax applicable to the surcharge to the amount of 20% shall be added to the achieved highest bid (final and highest bid). Thus, the surcharge shall be 30% of the final and highest bid in total. Items with added VAT are marked in the online catalog. For online bids via Drouot platform, an additional 3% will be charged.

§ 4) In the event of sales abroad, the value added tax will be repaid if the item is sold to a country which is not a member country of the European Union (third country), the legal requirements are met, and the proof of exportation is provided. The value added tax shall not be shown separately on the invoice.

§ 5) The auction buyer must pay the purchase price immediately upon acceptance of the bid (final and highest bid plus 25% surcharge, plus the value added tax applicable to the surcharge to the amount of 20%, or the added VAT on top of the final price, when a lot is highlighted accordingly in the auction catalog). The company may grant an auction buyer a term of payment for the purchase price in whole or in part when this has been formally applied for in writing before the auction.

§ 6) In the event of a term of payment, or any payment delay, in whole or in part, the company shall be entitled to charge default interest (12% p.a.) as well as storage charges (2.4% pf the final and highest bid per month commenced) after 14 days upon acceptance of the bid. The item purchased at auction shall be handed over exclusively upon full payment of the purchase price including all costs and charges accrued since the acceptance of the bid.

§ 7) The buyer should take acquired items into possession, as far as possible, immediately or after the end of the auction. Items which have been fully paid for shall be handed over in our show rooms in GALERIE ZACKE, MARIAHILFERSTRASSE 112, 1070 VIENNA. If a deferred purchase price is not paid within the set period, the company shall be entitled to auction the item again in order to recoup its claim from the defaulting auction buyer. In this case, the defaulting auction buyer shall be liable to the company for the total loss of commission incurred by the company due to the re-auctioning as well as for any default interest and storage charges.

§ 8) The company shall be entitled to a lien on all items of the buyer irrespective of whether the buyer bought them within the scope of an auction or in free sale or the company secured ownership of these items otherwise. This lien shall serve to secure all current and future, qualified, limited and unmatured claims to which the company is entitled and which result from all legal transactions concluded with the buyer.

§ 9) The items received for auction will be exhibited and may be viewed prior to the auction. In doing so, the company shall give everyone the opportunity to check the nature and the condition of the exhibited items to the extent deemed possible within the scope of the exhibition. Every bidder shall be deemed to act on its own behalf unless it provides a written confirmation saying that it acts as a representative or agent of a well-known principal. The company may refuse bids; this shall particularly apply if a bidder who is unknown to the company or with whom the company has no business connections yet does not provide a security deposit before the auction. However, in principle there shall be no claim to accept a bid. If a bid has been refused, the previous bid shall remain effective.

§ 10) The company’s experts evaluate and describe the items received for auction and determine the starting prices unless otherwise stated in the catalog or expert opinion. The information concerning production technique or material, state of preservation, origin, design and age of an item is based on published or otherwise generally accessible (scientific) findings concluded by the company’s expert with the necessary care and accuracy. The company shall warrant to the buyer according to §34-38 of the AGB (Terms and Conditions) that properties are correct provided that any complaints referring to this are made within 45 days after the auction day. Subsequent complaints shall be excluded in principle. The company shall not be liable for any further information in the catalog and expert opinion as well. This shall also apply to illustrations in the catalog. The purpose of these illustrations is to guide the potential buyer during the preview. They shall not be authoritative for the condition or the characteristics of the pictured item. The published condition reports shall only mention defects and damage affecting the artistic or commercial value significantly. Complaints concerning the price shall be excluded upon acceptance of the bid. The company reserves the right to amend the catalog online prior to the auction. These amendments shall also be made public orally by the auctioneer during the auction. In this case, the company shall be liable for the amendment only. All items offered may be checked prior to the auction. These items are used. Any claims for damages exceeding the liability named above and resulting from other material defects or other defects of the item shall be excluded. When making the bid, the bidder confirms that he/she has inspected the item prior to the auction and has made sure that the item corresponds to the description.

§ 11) If a customer is not able to participate in an auction personally, the company shall accept purchase orders. These orders may be placed in writing via mail, e-mail, fax, https://zacke.at or a third party bidding platform. In the case of a purchase order placed by phone or orally, the company shall reserve the right to make the performance dependent on a confirmation from the principal communicated in writing. Furthermore, the company shall not be liable for the performance of purchase orders. Equal purchase orders or live bids will be considered in the order of their receipt. Bids which below the estimate shall be exhausted completely. Bids which do not correspond to the increments determined by the company (see bidding increment table) will be rounded up to the next higher increment. The table of these increments can be sent upon request. The written bid (purchase order) must include the item, the catalog number and the offered top bid limit which is quoted as the amount of the acceptance of the bid without buyer’s commission and without taxes. Ambiguities shall be carried by the bidder. A purchase order which has already been placed may only be cancelled if the written withdrawal is received by the company at least 72 hours prior to the beginning of the auction.

§ 12) The company may refuse a purchase order without explanation or make its execution dependent on payment of a security deposit. In the event of an unsuccessful order, such a deposit will be reimbursed by the company within 5 working days. Processing of purchase orders is free of charge.

§ 13) Every seller shall in principle be entitled to withdraw the items offered for auction until the start of the auction. Therefore, it is impossible to assume liability or to give warranty for the actual offering.

§ 14) Paid items must be collected within 30 days after payment. Items which have not been collected may be re-offered without further communication at the starting price from the recent auction reduced by 50%. Items which have not been collected within 30 days after the auction or for which the company does not receive any proper shipping instructions stating the type of shipping and the address of dispatch (independent of a possibly placed purchase order) shall be stored at the owner’s risk. Furthermore, the company shall be entitled to store items which have been purchased at auction and paid but not collected at the buyer ś risk and expense, including the costs for an insurance, with a forwarding agency. It shall be understood that the provision concerning the re-auctioning of unpaid and paid but not collected items must also apply to items not exhibited or stored on the premises of the company. The ownership shall be transferred to the buyer at the time of handing over the issuing note.

§ 15) In the case of mixed lots with a starting price of less than EUR 350.00, the company shall not warrant for the completeness or correctness of the individual items within a mixed lot.

§ 16) A registration for a bid by telephone for one or several items shall automatically represent a bid at the starting price of these items. If the company cannot reach a bidder by telephone, it will bid the starting price on behalf of this bidder when the respective lot is up for auction.

§ 17) Payments made to the company by mistake (through the payer ś fault) (e. g. due to miscalculation of the exchange rate by the payer) or payments made to the company for the same invoice several times shall be compensated in form of a credit note for goods for an indefinite period of time. The repayment of such payments in cash shall be excluded.

§ 18) Certain auction lots may exist several times (multiples). In such a case, the auctioneer may accept a second, third or even more bids from the underbidder(s). In this case, the text in the catalog and not the illustration shall be exclusively binding with regard to the warranty.

§ 19) The company reserves the right to assign to the buyer all rights and obligations resulting from the contractual relationship between the company and the seller by way of a respective declaration, as well as to assign to the seller all rights and obligations resulting from the contractual relationship between the company and the buyer by way of a respective declaration, in each case in terms of a complete assignment of contract with the result that the contractual relationship - following the submission of the aforementioned declarations by the company – shall exclusively be between the seller and the buyer, all of which is in accordance with the basic model of the commission agreement. Buyers and sellers shall already now give their explicit consent to this contract assignment.

§ 20) The place of performance of the contract brought about between the company on the one hand and the seller as well as the buyer on the other hand shall be the place of business of the company. The legal relationships and contracts existing between the company, the sellers and the buyers shall be subject to Austrian law. The company, the sellers and the buyers shall agree to settle all disputes resulting from, concerning and in connection with this contract before the territorially competent court of Vienna.

§ 21) The export of certain art objects from Austria shall require a permit from the Bundesdenkmalamt [Federal Monuments Office]. The company will orally provide information about art objects for which such export permit will probably not be granted at the beginning of the auction.

§ 22) Whenever making a bid, whether personally or via an agent, in writing, online, telephone, or in any other way, the bidder fully and unconditionally accepts the Terms of Auction, the ‘Important Information’ section in the auction catalog, the Terms and Conditions (AGB) of Galerie Zacke, §1-48, the Fee Tariff, and the Bidding Increments table, all as published on https://zacke.at on the day of the auction.

重要信息：

通过微信联系我们，微信 ID：GalerieZacke

我们已经更新了我们的条款和条件，以更好地保护所有认真负责的买家，避免与不付款者竞拍。竞拍者必须在拍卖前澄清所有关于拍卖品的具体问题。落槌后不得以任何形式取消拍卖。这一基本规则的唯一例外是我们对真品的保证。我们建议您仔细阅读这些更新（§34-50）。

根据 Galerie Zacke Vienna, Founded 1968, SZA Versteigerungen & Vertriebs GmbH, 1070 Wien 的一般商业条款和条件

我们接受以下付款方式：

- 现金

- 保付支票或个人支票

- 银行转账（请咨询以获得我们的银行账户信息）

- 信用卡（Visa、MasterCard、Amex、Diners Club）

估价和起拍价

拍卖将以起拍价开始，只接受最低金额与起拍价相当的书面出价。

运输和运输保险

Galerie Zacke（以下简称 "公司"）在国内运输时，根据物品的大小和重量，平均每件收取 15,- 至 50,- 欧元的费用。这些费用包括包装和运输成本。大型或易碎物品或国际运输的费用将根据要求报价。

客户将包装好的货物交给邮局或其他承运商后，所购货物的运输风险由客户承担。根据客户的具体要求，拍卖品可按购买价（最高出价和所有附加费）投保。保险费为购买价的 3%。对于购买价超过 350 欧元的任何拍卖品，如果公司没有明确收到购买者拒绝此项服务的书面申请并签署弃权声明，则公司将自动安排运输保险。根据保险合同应支付给公司的款项将由客户承担。公司还有权将保险合同项下的索赔权转让给客户，前提是保险合同的条款不禁止这样做。在任何情况下，只有在从保险公司实际收到付款的情况下，公司才需要专门向客户付款。

颜色和状况

拍卖品将在拍卖前展出，供客户观赏，从而为所有感兴趣的客户提供检验参展作品质量和状况的机会。图录插图旨在帮助客户进行预览。插图中的印刷颜色与原作并不完全一致。目录印刷图片并不代表图示作品的状况。隐藏的缺陷和损坏会在状况报告中注明。我们在线目录中的插图可进行强力放大，因此大多数损坏和修复都清晰可辨。

濒危物种/引用信息

本目录中的某些物品可能由象牙、犀角、龟甲或某些类型的热带木材组成，受《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》[CITES]管辖。此类物品在 www.zacke.at 上标有符号 Ɏ，只有在奥地利当局根据《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》颁发出口许可证后方可出口到欧盟以外地区。我们想告诉您的是，此类许可证通常不会颁发。对于象牙含量较低的物品，或者经证实在1982年之前就在欧盟境内的物品，请联系我们的办公室，以获取更多有关如何获得CITES许可证的信息。

投诉

在拍卖会上，Galerie Zacke 代表第三方委托人出售委托拍卖品。因此，任何有关所购拍卖品的投诉都必须符合Galerie Zacke一般商业条款第32-48条的规定，该条款可在www.zacke.at。

重要信息

无论是亲自或通过代理人，以书面、在线、电话或任何其他方式进行竞拍，竞拍者均完全无条件地接受拍卖当日在 www.zacke.at 上公布的拍卖条款、拍卖图录中的 "重要信息 "部分、Galerie Zacke 的条款和条件 (AGB)、§1-48、费用标准和竞拍增价表。

艺术品损失登记

所有起拍价超过 2,000,- 欧元的物品均已通过艺术品损失登记册的检查。