44 - Neapolitan School. Italy. 17th–18th centuries.

Neapolitan School. Italy. 17th–18th centuries. “Pair of studies for a ceiling or vault fresco” Oil on canvas. In carved, patinated wooden frames from the period. 71 x 45 cm and 71 x 46 cm. This exceptional pair of paintings on canvas consists of preparatory sketches for ceiling decorations. They are two works of great artistic value, distinguished by their dramatic use of perspective, their striking chiaroscuro, and their ethereal allegorical figures. Belonging to the Neapolitan school, they display its unmistakable characteristics: distinctive draughtsmanship, an academic brushwork, and remarkable technical mastery. Solimena was one of the most influential masters of European decorative painting, renowned for his monumental frescoes and dynamic compositions for Baroque ceilings, domes, and vaults. In both sketches, the sculptural weight of the figures is particularly striking. Through a sophisticated interplay of light and shadow, the artist models their bodies within the space, giving them a powerful, almost tangible physical presence. The two sketches appear almost as variations on a single composition, perhaps conceived as alternatives from which to choose. Their arrangements share much the same structure, with triangular groupings of figures and pronounced diagonals, yet differ in their color schemes and the positioning of certain figures. Both are crowned by the same scene, while other figures recur with variations in the religious or mythological characters depicted. At the base, both feature the same allegorical scene. These are two compositions filled with the theatricality and dynamism characteristic of the Baroque, with foreshortened figures and complex poses that guide the viewer’s gaze and fill the scene with movement. Both sketches employ the “sotto in sù” perspective, in which the artist uses the technique of looking upward from below to create an optical illusion in which the ceiling appears to open directly onto the heavens. We shall attempt to unravel as much as possible of the intricate choreography of these two compositions, populated by around ten figures—angels, deities, mythological characters, and allegorical or religious figures—arranged in dynamic ascending spirals that draw the viewer’s gaze upward and leave us utterly speechless. At the upper center of both paintings, a triumphant Christ crowns two female saints who hold, lean against, or support a pilaster, column, or architectural fragment, assisted by a cherub. Their garments differ in each version. They may represent Saint Barbara or Saint Bibiana. Saint Barbara, the more commonly depicted of the two: why does she carry a pilaster? Although her principal attribute is a tower with three windows—symbolizing the Holy Trinity—Renaissance paintings and sculptures often depict her alongside a pilaster. This refers to her martyrdom at the hands of her father and symbolizes the strength of her faith, which remained unshaken—as firm as a column—even in the face of suffering and death. Saint Bibiana, by contrast, is associated with a column or pilaster because, according to tradition, she was martyred in Rome after being tied to a pillar and scourged with leaden weights until she died. In the case of Saint Barbara, Christ alludes to her wisdom by holding the Book of the Gospels. In the case of Saint Bibiana, he evokes her unwavering love and her willingness to endure suffering and shed blood rather than renounce her faith, expressing ardent love through the gesture of his hand. Directly beneath this laurel-crowned figure, we find a mythological hero in both paintings. In the first, he faces the viewer, carrying a heavy club over his shoulder—the weapon with which he defeated the Nemean Lion. This is Heracles, known as Hercules in Roman mythology. In the second sketch, Hercules appears again, this time seen from behind and dressed in red. Against his bare, muscular back, he holds his legendary bow, which he used to accomplish several of his Twelve Labors, including the defeat of the fearsome Stymphalian Birds and the wounding of the Lernaean Hydra. In the sketch where Hercules faces forward, dressed in gold and carrying his club over his shoulder, a robust young man appears to his right. He is the companion who frequently accompanies the hero in his myths: his nephew Iolaus, his faithful squire and charioteer, renowned for his courage and for helping Hercules defeat the Lernaean Hydra. During the battle, Iolaus used a burning torch to cauterize the monster’s severed necks, preventing new heads from growing back. He leans against the Nemean Lion, the beast conquered by his uncle, who fashioned a helmet and a protective covering from its hide. In mythology, Iolaus embodies absolute loyalty and unwavering support in battle. In both sketches, to the right of Hercules, we find female saints from Christian hagiography, depicted without halos or radiant aureoles, as was Solimena’s practice. In one painting, Saint